Frequently Asked Questions

What is the purpose of the CMF Clearinghouse?

The Crash Modification Factors (CMF) Clearinghouse was established to provide transportation professionals:

The purpose of the CMF Clearinghouse is to compile all documented CMFs in a central location. The CMF Clearinghouse provides a searchable database that can be easily queried to identify CMFs to meet user's needs.

The CMF Clearinghouse will be updated on a regular basis to add recently developed and documented CMFs. New CMFs will be identified via a periodic review of published literature. In addition, the CMF Clearinghouse provides a mechanism for transportation professionals to submit documentation of new CMFs to be considered for inclusion.

Educational information on CMFs includes the "About CMFs" page, which summarizes useful information in the form of answers to frequently asked questions. The "Resources" page provides additional information on related trainings and publications.

The inclusion of all CMFs in the CMF Clearinghouse also serves an educational purpose. One important lesson is that reported CMFs have varying quality and applicability to a given users needs.

The CMF Clearinghouse summarizes published information on each CMF, including how it was developed (e.g., study design, sample size, and source of data) and what are its statistical properties (e.g., standard error). Where available, a link is provided to the publication from which the CMF was extracted.

The CMF Clearinghouse reports this information in a standard format to enable users to make educated decisions about the most applicable CMF to their condition. To aid users in assessing the quality of the CMF presented, the CMF Clearinghouse reports a star quality rating. The star quality rating is assigned based upon the standard error of the CMF value, as well as the design, potential biases, data source, and sample size of the study that developed the CMF.

The CMF Clearinghouse also reports whether or not the CMF is included in the Highway Safety Manual. The Highway Safety Manual includes only a subset of CMFs that meet strict inclusion criteria. The CMF Clearinghouse provides the broader context of the larger population of CMFs, from which those included in the Highway Safety Manual were drawn.

The CMFs that are included in the Highway Safety Manual will typically have a higher star quality rating given the strict inclusion criteria. High quality CMFs do not exist for every countermeasure and, therefore, there are many countermeasures for which CMFs do not appear in the Highway Safety Manual. The CMF Clearinghouse includes any documented CMF; i.e., it includes CMFs that do not appear in the HSM either because they did not meet the HSM inclusion criteria or because they were documented after the Manual was completed. As a result, the Clearinghouse includes more CMFs for more countermeasures than the HSM.

Inclusion of a CMF in the CMF Clearinghouse does not constitute an endorsement of the CMF or support for its use. The burden is on the user to determine the most appropriate CMF for their analysis need. This determination should be made based upon the CMFs applicability to their condition (i.e. countermeasure being considered and conditions under which it is implemented) and the quality of the CMF.

The Federal Highway Administration hosted a launch Webinar in December 2009 to announce the new CMF Clearinghouse, provide an overview of CMFs and demonstrate the features of the clearinghouse Web site. Please visit http://fhwa.na3.acrobat.com/p69638484/ to access an archived version of this Webinar.

Download the CMF Clearinghouse Brochure (PDF, 2.3 MB)

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What is a CMF?

A crash modification factor (CMF) is a multiplicative factor used to compute the expected number of crashes after implementing a given countermeasure at a specific site.

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The CMF Clearinghouse presents both Crash Modification Factors and Crash Reduction Factors. What's the difference?

The main difference between CRF and CMF is that CRF provides an estimate of the percentage reduction in crashes, while CMF is a multiplicative factor used to compute the expected number of crashes after implementing a given improvement. Both terms are presented in the Clearinghouse because both are widely used in the field of traffic safety.

Mathematically stated, CMF = 1 - (CRF/100). For example, if a particular countermeasure is expected to reduce the number of crashes by 23% (i.e., the CRF is 23), the CMF will be 1 - (23/100) = 0.77. On the other hand, if the treatment is expected to increase the number of crashes by 23% (i.e., the CRF is -23), the CMF will be = 1 - (-23/100) = 1.23.

These reduction estimates might also be expressed as a function. Crash reduction and crash modification factors are constants; crash modification functions allow the factor to vary for different scenarios, such as for different traffic volume scenarios.

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I've seen the term "Accident Modification Factor" (AMF) before. Is that different than a Crash Modification Factor?

Aside from the name, Accident Modification Factor is the same thing as Crash Modification Factor (i.e., AMF of 0.80 = CMF of 0.80). Although the CMF Clearinghouse does not use the term "AMF", there are instances of its use in various areas of the safety field. For example, early drafts of the Highway Safety Manual used the term "AMF", but the decision was made to change the terminology to "CMF" for the final publication.

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How can I apply multiple CMFs?

If multiple countermeasures are implemented at one location, then common practice is to multiply the CMFs to estimate the combined effect of the countermeasures. In fact, there is limited research documenting the combined effect of multiple countermeasures. Although implementing several countermeasures might be more effective than just one, it is unlikely the full effect of each countermeasure would be realized when they are implemented concurrently, particularly if the countermeasures are targeting the same crash type.

For example, shoulder rumble strips and enhanced edgeline retroreflectivity would both target roadway departure crashes, so the CMFs for these treatments would be highly related. Other examples of related CMFs would be the use of increased lighting and installation of pavement reflectors, both of which would target nighttime crashes; and chevrons and advanced curve warning signs, both of which would target curve-related crashes.

Countermeasures that would be considered independent are those that target different crash types. For example, the installation of a pedestrian signal would be relatively independent of the installation of a left turn phase at an adjacent intersection, since the one addresses pedestrian-vehicle crashes while the other addresses left-turn opposite-direction crashes. Likewise, the conversion of a left turn phase from permissive to protected along with the installation of an exclusive right turn lane would be fairly independent in that they target different crash types.

Therefore, unless the countermeasures act completely independently, multiplying several CMFs is likely to overestimate the combined effect. The likelihood of overestimation increases with the number of CMFs that are multiplied. Therefore, much caution and engineering judgment should be exercised especially when estimating the combined effect of more than three countermeasures at a given location.

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What does the star quality rating mean?

The star rating indicates the quality or confidence in the results of the study producing the CMF. The star rating is based on a scale (1 to 5), where a 5 indicates the highest or best rating. The review process to determine the star rating judges the accuracy and precision as well as the general applicability of the study results. Reviewers considered five categories for each study — study design, sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source — and judged each CMF according to its performance in each category. Read more detailed information on the star quality rating system.

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How is the star quality rating different from the notations (bold, italics, etc.) in the Highway Safety Manual?

The star rating and the HSM notation are similar but different. Both indicate the same thing, which is a confidence in the CMF based on the quality of the study that produced it. In a rough sense, higher star ratings correspond to a bold face HSM notation and mid-range star ratings correspond to italics and asterisk HSM notations, but there is not a one-to-one comparison laid out between the two systems. The differences exist in the way the CMFs are reviewed to determine their quality.

The HSM review process applies an adjustment factor to the standard error from the study, and then assigns the bold and italic notations based on ranges of the adjusted standard error. The standard error is adjusted based mainly on the quality of the study design. The HSM assigns asterisk (*) or caret (^) notations based on the confidence interval of the CMF, which indicates how accurate the CMF estimate is.

The CMF Clearinghouse review process rates the CMF according to five categories — study design, sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source — and judged the CMF according to its performance in each category. It assigns a star rating based on the cumulative performance in the five categories. It differs from the HSM process in that it does not attempt to adjust the standard error as the HSM does, and it more explicitly considers criteria such as data source, which examines whether a study used data from just one locality or from multiple locations across the state or nation.

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How can I submit my own CMF for inclusion in the CMF Clearinghouse?

The CMF Clearinghouse welcomes CMF study submissions. Please use the provided form to submit your study, but please be sure to search before submitting a new CRF as it may already be listed. You may either submit a link to a resource already existing on the web (preferred) or upload your own file.

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Are there available trainings related to the application of CMFs?

The National Highway Institute offers training resources on Crash Modification Factors. Please visit the Resources Section to find out more on available trainings.

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How does the CMF Clearinghouse relate to the Highway Safety Manual?

The Crash Modification Factors Clearinghouse is just one of the tools and resources available to help transportation professionals make safety decisions. The first edition of the Highway Safety Manual, released in 2010, provides practitioners with the best factual information and tools to facilitate roadway design and operational decisions based on explicit consideration on their safety consequences.

The CMF Clearinghouse incorporates information relating to the HSM within this Web site. Users are able to view and search for CMFs included in the HSM. The CMF Clearinghouse includes all of the CMFs listed in the HSM.

That said, it should be understood that the CMF Clearinghouse only relates to the CMF portion of the HSM (Part D). The HSM also covers many other important topics for highway safety, including safety fundamentals, road safety management, and predictive methods.

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How do you determine statistical significance?

A CMF is determined to be statistically significant if the specified confidence interval of the CMF does not include 1.0, since a value of 1.0 indicates no effect from the countermeasure. For a given CMF and standard error, the confidence interval will depend on the significance level that is used. The two most common significance levels are 0.05 (corresponds to 95% confidence interval) and 0.10 (corresponds to 90% confidence interval).

For the 95% confidence level, the confidence interval is equal to the CMF ± 1.96 * (standard error).
For the 90% confidence level, the confidence interval is equal to the CMF ± 1.64 * (standard error).

Example

The CMF for countermeasure A is 0.80 with a standard error of 0.15. The lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval are the following:

Lower limit: 0.80 – 1.96*0.15 = 0.80 – 0.294 = 0.506
Upper limit: 0.80 + 1.96*0.15 = 0.80 + 0.294 = 1.094

Since the 95% confidence interval (0.506, 1.094) includes 1.0, this CMF is not statistically different from 1.0 (at the significance level 0.05, i.e., confidence level 0.95)

On the other hand, if the same CMF had a standard error or 0.09, then the lower and upper limits of the 95% confidence interval will be the following:

Lower limit: 0.80 – 1.96*0.09 = 0.80 – 0.1764 = 0.6236
Upper limit: 0.80 + 1.96*0.09 = 0.80 + 0.1764 = 0.9764

Since the 95% confidence interval (0.6236, 0.9764) does not include 1.0, this CMF is statistically different from 1.0 (at the significance level 0.05, i.e., confidence level 0.95)

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Who uses CMFs and how are they used?

CMFs are used by several groups of transportation professionals for various reasons. The primary user groups include highway safety engineers, traffic engineers, highway designers, transportation planners, transportation researchers, and managers and administrators. CMFs can be used to:

Examples:

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How are CMFs added to the Clearinghouse and what is the process for review?

CMFs for the Clearinghouse are obtained either through 1) a regular examination of presented or published material or 2) studies that are submitted by Clearinghouse users through the web site. All studies that are determined to be eligible for the Clearinghouse (i.e., studies that produce one or more CMFs) are submitted to a review process. Presented and published studies considered for the CRF Clearinghouse will be taken from the following sources:

The review process evaluates each study according to its study design, sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source and gives a rating of excellent, fair, or poor to each category. These ratings correspond to point values in a scoring system that is used to determine the star quality rating.

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How do I choose between CMFs in my search results that have the same star rating but different CMF values?

It's true that two or more CMFs for a particular countermeasure may have the same star rating but differing CMF values. It will be necessary for you to examine the information related to the applicability of the CMFs to determine how they differ. This could involve examining the brief data shown on the search results page (i.e., crash type, crash severity, roadway type, and area type) or looking at all the information about the CMFs by viewing the CMF details page for each one.

You should select the CMF that is most applicable to the situation in which you would like to apply the CMF (i.e., the characteristics associated with the CMF should closely match the characteristics of the scenario at hand). For example, CMFs often vary by crash type and crash severity. While it is useful to determine the change in crashes by type and severity, this should only be done when applicable CMFs are available for the specific crash type and severity of interest.

The figure below shows a snapshot of results for the countermeasure of "Installation of left-turn lane on single major road approach". You can see that the three CMFs listed in this figure all have 5-star ratings. However, the CMF values (0.65, 0.71, and 0.91) are all different.

Example CMFs

From this initial view of the search results, it is relatively easy to tell the difference between the first CMF and the other two. Although all three are similar in crash type, crash severity, and roadway type, the first one (CMF of 0.65) is identified as being developed for a "Rural" area type, whereas the other two were developed for an "Urban" area type.

However, all information given on the search results page is identical for the second and third CMF. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the details of each CMF (by clicking on the CMF value to go to the CMF details page). When the details of each CMF are examined, it can be seen that the CMF of 0.71 is intended for stop-controlled intersections, and the CMF of 0.91 is intended for signalized intersections.

It may be the case that two CMFs are exactly the same with respect to crash and roadway applicability. In these cases, it will be necessary to examine some of the other fields related to how and where the CMF was developed, such as:

  1. Score details. The reviewers who established the star quality rating did so by giving scores of excellent, fair, or poor to five categories: study design, sample size, standard error, potential bias, and data source. Many CMFs in the Clearinghouse are accompanied by details of the scores behind the star rating as shown in the image below.

    Example Star Quality Ratings

    Clicking on the score details link will display a window showing the scores that the CMF received in each category. Users of the Clearinghouse may desire to examine the score details to compare two or more similar CMFs. For instance, although two CMFs may have received the same star rating, one may have a study design score of "Excellent" while the other is "Poor". It may be the case that a user may highly value study design and may use that category to decide between CMFs. Similarly, a user may prioritize some other category in their selection process and use that score to assist in selecting a CMF.

    It may also be useful to examine the fields in the CMF details pertaining to the scores, specifically sample size and standard error. It may be the case that two CMFs both received a score of "Excellent" for sample size, but one has a sample size of 1,000 while the other has a sample size of 3,000. Both of these sample sizes are large enough to qualify for an "Excellent" rating, however, all other factors being equal, the larger sample size would be preferred. Likewise, two CMFs may have both received a score of "Poor" for standard error, but one has a standard error of 0.75 while the other has a standard error of 0.90. In this case, the smaller standard error would be preferred.
  2. Similarity in locality of data used. The felds for "Municipality", "State", and "Country" indicate the area(s) from which data were used in developing the CMF. Many agencies prefer CMFs that were developed in locations that are similar or nearby to their own area, for reasons of terrain, weather, and other characteristics. For example, a state department of transportation in a mid-western state may prefer using a CMF developed in Kansas over a CMF developed in West Virginia.
  3. Traffic volume range. The fields for "Major Road Traffic Volume" and "Minor Road Traffic Volume" indicate the range of traffic volumes that were used to develop the CMF. You should examine these fields to see which CMF has a traffic volume range that best fits your situation.
  4. Age of data. The field for "Date Range of Data Used" indicates the age of the data used in developing the CMF. Generally speaking, more recent data would be preferred (all other factors being equal). Studies conducted more recently typically use more advanced techniques, higher precision data, and have other advantages related to the progression of knowledge, data quality, and study methods that develop over time in the field of highway safety research. More recent data will also better reflect changes in vehicle fleet characteristics and technology.
  5. Original study report. In addition to providing the citation of the study, the Clearinghouse provides a link, where possible, to the original study document for any CMF. This original document will typically be the final report or published article on the study that developed the CMF. A user of the Clearinghouse who is attempting to select between two similar CMFs may find it useful to refer to the original study report to understand the background of the CMF development. There may be details in the study report that would assist in the CMF selection process. Although the Clearinghouse contains extensive data for each CMF, it does not contain every detail from the study report. For example, the report may discuss details about the roadside character of the roads used in the CMF development. If the roadside character is significantly different from the roads in the user's jurisdiction, he or she may decide to select another CMF that was developed on roads with more similar roadside character to his or her jurisdiction.

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How do the Clearinghouse crash severity terms Fatal, Serious Injury, and Minor Injury relate to the KABCO injury scale?

The initial idea was to use a standard KABCO scale for the Clearinghouse, but the problem encountered was one that always affects the attempts to standardize or categorize study details in the Clearinghouse database. The issue is that authors can and do report the details of their CMFs in many different ways. For crash severity, authors have have been seen to report crash severity by KABCO, by MAIS, or simply by referring to "serious injury" and "minor injury". Thus, the Clearinghouse uses the lowest common denominator. There is no one-to-one comparison with KABCO, but the best comparison is that "Fatal" is always equivalent to K, "Serious Injury" would generally be A and B injuries, and "Minor Injury" would generally be C injuries.

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How can I download CMFs from the Clearinghouse?

If you would rather work with CMFs in a spreadsheet rather than using the online interface, the CMF Clearinghouse provides an option for downloading CMFs to your local computer. For example, some state agencies maintain an internal list of CMFs that they use for in-house analyses. They use the spreadsheet output from the Clearinghouse to periodically download CMFs and update their internal list. To facilitate this process, the spreadsheet output includes a date field for each CMF that indicates when the CMF was added to the Clearinghouse.

Once you have performed a search using the Quick Search or Advanced Search, you can download the search results in spreadsheet form. Simply click the link at the bottom of the page for "Export all results to Excel". This will give you an Excel output of the star rated CMFs. If there were also CMFs returned for your search that do not have star ratings, and you wish to download those in spreadsheet format, click the link for "view additional results" and then use the Excel export link at the bottom of that page to download the non star rated CMFs.

If you wish to download all the CMFs in the Clearinghouse, do an Advanced Search and leave the search term box blank. This will return the entirety of the CMF Clearinghouse database. Again, if you wish to download these CMFs in spreadsheet form, you will need to download the star rated and non star rated CMFs separately.

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How can I apply multiple CMFs?

If multiple countermeasures are implemented at one location, common practice is to multiply the CMFs to estimate the combined effect. In fact, the combined effect could be greater than, less than, or equal to the simple product of the individual CMFs. Although implementing several countermeasures might be more effective than just one, it is unlikely that the full effect of each countermeasure would be realized when they are implemented concurrently, particularly if the treatments target the same crash types.

For example, shoulder rumble strips and enhanced edgeline retroreflectivity would both target roadway departure crashes, so the CMFs for these treatments would be highly related. Other examples of related CMFs would be the use of increased lighting and installation of pavement reflectors, both of which target nighttime crashes; and chevrons and advanced curve warning signs, both of which target curve-related crashes.

Countermeasures that would be considered independent are those that target different crash types. For example, the installation of a pedestrian signal would be relatively independent of the installation of a left-turn phase at an adjacent intersection, since the one addresses pedestrian-vehicle crashes while the other addresses left-turn opposite-direction crashes. Likewise, the conversion of a left-turn phase from permissive to protected along with the installation of an exclusive right-turn lane would be fairly independent in that they target different crash types.

Therefore, unless the countermeasures act completely independently, multiplying several CMFs may overestimate or underestimate the combined effect. The likelihood of miscalculating the combined effect increases with the number of CMFs that are combined and with the level of overlap in crash types targeted by the treatments. Therefore, much caution and engineering judgment should be exercised especially when estimating the combined effect of more than three treatments at a given location. A structured process for assessing interrelationships among multiple treatments is presented in “How can I assess the interrelationships of multiple treatments?”

A detailed investigation of applying multiple CMFs is presented in “Investigation of Existing and Alternative Methods for Combining Multiple CMFs” (http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/collateral/Combining_Multiple_CMFs_Final.pdf). This document presents options for combining CMFs when treatments are independent and for situations in which interrelationships are identified among multiple treatments.

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How can I assess the interrelationships of multiple treatments?

Interrelationships can be explored through the use of the matrix below. This should be the first step of any analysis that combines multiple CMFs. The intent of the matrix is to provide a direct comparison of the target crash types (not to be confused with the applicable crash types of the CMFs). Target crash types are those crashes that a treatment is likely to address or affect. Applicable crash types refers to the applicability of the CMF (some CMFs are applicable to total crashes while others are applicable to specific crash types).
The steps to using the matrix are as follows:

  1. Enter Treatments: The first treatment is entered along the top of the matrix and the second CMF is entered along the side of the matrix.
  2. Identify Target Crash Types: The user then identifies the target crashes for each treatment and indicates these crash types along the respective axes (check the boxes adjacent to the target crashes). Target crashes may be identified in the NCHRP Report 500 Series, which lists target crashes for numerous treatments (http://safety.transportation.org/guides.aspx). Target crashes are often listed in research reports as well. Note that some of the “crash types” listed in the matrix are not mutually exclusive and represent “crash conditions” rather than “crash types.” Specifically, “wet pavement” and “night” crashes are listed in the matrix because some countermeasures explicitly address these types of crashes (e.g., roadway lighting).
  3. Identify Interrelationships: Any overlapping crash types (i.e., those crash types targeted by both treatments) can be readily identified and noted in the matrix. For any crash types where there is no overlap, one would expect the full effect of the countermeasure. For those crash types where the treatments overlap, one cannot be certain of the combined effects (i.e., the actual combined effects may be less than, equal to, or greater than the expected combined effects if the CMFs are simply multiplied).

The analyst must carefully consider any overlaps and select an appropriate course of action. If the two effects are similar (i.e., both CMFs are less than 1.0), the combined effect may be overestimated. If the effects are opposing (i.e., one treatment increases a specific crash type while the other reduces the same crash type), there is the potential to underestimate the combined effect. In particular, there is more opportunity for the second countermeasure to reduce crashes if the first countermeasure is expected to increase the same crash type.

The next step is to identify the applicability of the CMF. CMFs may be applicable to total crashes or to specific crash types. It is not appropriate to apply a CMF for total crashes to specific crash types and vice versa. The applicability of a CMF depends on the underlying research and crash types included in the analysis. For further details on the applicability of CMFs, see www.cmfclearinghouse.org/faqs.cfm#q13.

The method for combining multiple CMFs is ultimately the responsibility of the CMF user and should be based on the interrelationships identified in the matrix and the applicability of the CMFs. Methods for combining CMFs are presented in “Investigation of Existing and Alternative Methods for Combining Multiple CMFs” (http://www.cmfclearinghouse.org/collateral/Combining_Multiple_CMFs_Final.pdf).

 

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The information contained in the Crash Modification Factors (CMF) Clearinghouse is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in the CMF Clearinghouse. The information contained in the CMF Clearinghouse does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation, nor is it a substitute for sound engineering judgment.