Study Details

Study Title: Handbook of Road Safety Measures

Authors: Elvik, R. and Vaa, T.

Publication Date: 2004

Abstract:

Study Citation: Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., "Handbook of Road Safety Measures." Oxford, United Kingdom, Elsevier, (2004)


CMFs Associated With This Study

Category: Access management

Countermeasure: Provide a raised median

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.94-943 StarsAllK,A,B,CNot specifiedRural
2.28-1283 StarsAllONot specifiedRural
0.61[B]393 StarsAllK,A,B,CNot SpecifiedUrban
0.78[B]223 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherUrban
1.09[B]-93 StarsAllOPrincipal Arterial OtherUrban
0.88[B]123 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherRural
0.82[B]183 StarsAllOPrincipal Arterial OtherRural

Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 10-24 to less than 10 per mile

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.75[B]253 StarsAllA,B,CMinor ArterialUrban and suburban

Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 26-48 to 10-24 per mile

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.69[B]313 StarsAllA,B,CMinor ArterialUrban and suburban

Countermeasure: Reduce driveways from 48 to 26-48 per mile

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.71[B]293 StarsAllA,B,CMinor ArterialUrban and suburban

Category:Advanced technology and ITS

Countermeasure: Individual changeable speed warning signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.59413 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Install changeable "Queue Ahead" warning signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.84[B]163 StarsRear endA,B,CPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysUrban
1.16[I]-163 StarsRear endOPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysUrban

Countermeasure: Install changeable crash ahead warning signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.56[I]443 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysUrban

Countermeasure: Install changeable speed warning signs for individual drivers

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.54[I]463 StarsAllAllNot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Provide active close-following warning signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.9463 StarsRear endNot specifiedNot specified

Category:Bicyclists

Countermeasure: Raised bicycle crossings

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.09-93 StarsVehicle/bicycleA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified

Category:Delineation

Countermeasure: Add lane lines on multilane roadway segments

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.82183 StarsAllAllPrincipal Arterial OtherUrban

Countermeasure: Install distance markers (angle symbols) on roadway segments

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.44563 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysNot specified

Countermeasure: Install edgelines, centerlines, and post-mounted delineators

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.55[B]453 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedAll

Countermeasure: Install post-mounted delineators

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.04[B*]-43 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural
1.05[B*]-53 StarsAllONot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Install raised pavement markers and transverse rumble strips on approach to horizontal curves

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.9463 StarsRun off roadA,B,CNot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Place centerline markings

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.99[B*]13 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural
1.01[B*]-13 StarsAllONot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Place edgeline and centerline markings

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.76[B]243 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Place standard edgeline marking (4-6 in)

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.97[B*]33 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural
0.97[B*]33 StarsAllONot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Place wide (8 inches) edgeline markings

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.05[B*]-53 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural
0.99[I*]13 StarsAllONot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Placing edgelines and background/ directional markings on horizontal curves

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.81193 StarsRun off roadA,B,CNot specifiedRural

Category:Highway lighting

Countermeasure: Illumination

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.69313 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified
0.31693 StarsAllKAllAll
0.27743 StarsAllKAllRural
0.8203 StarsAllA,B,CAllRural
0.7303 StarsAllOAllRural
0.37643 StarsAllKAllUrban
0.69323 StarsAllA,B,CAllUrban
0.84163 StarsAllOAllUrban
0.27733 StarsAllKPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysAll
0.73273 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysAll
0.68323 StarsAllOPrincipal Arterial Other Freeways and ExpresswaysAll

Countermeasure: Provide highway lighting

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.31693 StarsAllKAllAll
0.72[B]283 StarsNighttimeA,B,CAllAll
0.83[B]183 StarsNighttimeOAllAll

Countermeasure: Provide intersection illumination

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.62[B]383 StarsNighttimeA,B,CNot SpecifiedNot Specified
0.69313 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified
0.22783 StarsVehicle/pedestrianKNot specifiedNot specified
0.58[I]423 StarsNighttime,Vehicle/pedestrianA,B,CNot SpecifiedNot Specified
0.23773 StarsAllKNot specifiedNot specified
0.5503 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
0.52493 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified
0.19823 StarsVehicle/pedestrianKNot specifiedNot specified
0.41593 StarsVehicle/pedestrianA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified

Category:Interchange design

Countermeasure: Extend acceleration lane by approx. 98 ft (30 m)

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.89113 StarsAllAllNot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Extend deceleration lane by approx. 100 ft

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.93[B*]73 StarsAllAllNot SpecifiedNot Specified

Category:Intersection geometry

Countermeasure: Convert four-leg intersection into two three-leg intersections

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.35-353 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedUrban
0.75[B]253 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedUrban
0.67[B]333 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedUrban
1.15[B]-153 StarsAllONot SpecifiedUrban
1[B*]03 StarsAllONot SpecifiedUrban
0.9[B*]103 StarsAllONot SpecifiedUrban

Countermeasure: Painted channelization of both major and minor roads

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.43573 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Painted channelization of left-turn lane on major road

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.78223 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.8203 StarsAllONot specifiedRural
1.28-283 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.74263 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Physical channelization of both major and minor roads

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.16-163 StarsAllK,A,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.73273 StarsAllK,A,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.87133 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Physical channelization of right-turn lane on major road

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.9823 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.87133 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.81193 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Provide a channelized left-turn lane on both major- and minor-road approaches

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.73[I]273 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural

Countermeasure: Provide a channelized left-turn lane on both major-road approaches

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.2-203 StarsAllONot specifiedRural
0.96[I*]43 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedRural
0.84163 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Category:Intersection traffic control

Countermeasure: Permit right-turn-on-red

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.6[B]-603 StarsRight turnA,B,CNot SpecifiedNot Specified
1.1[B]-103 StarsRight turnONot SpecifiedNot Specified

Category:On-street parking

Countermeasure: Convert angle parking to parallel parking

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.65353 StarsAllAllLocalUrban
0.37633 StarsParking relatedAllLocalUrban

Countermeasure: Convert free to regulated parking

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.94[B*]63 StarsAllA,B,CMinor ArterialUrban
1.19[B]-193 StarsAllOMinor ArterialUrban

Countermeasure: Implement time-limited parking restrictions

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.89[B]113 StarsAllAllMinor Arterial,Major Collector,Minor CollectorUrban
0.21[B]793 StarsParking relatedAllMinor Arterial,Major Collector,Minor CollectorUrban

Countermeasure: Mark parking stalls

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.51-513 StarsAllAllLocalUrban
2.28-1283 StarsParking relatedAllLocalUrban

Countermeasure: Prohibit on-street parking

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.8203 StarsAllA,B,CMinor ArterialUrban
0.73273 StarsAllOMinor ArterialUrban

Countermeasure: Prohibit parking on one side of road

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.49-493 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedUrban

Category:Pedestrians

Countermeasure: Install raised pedestrian crosswalks

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.64363 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban
0.55463 StarsVehicle/pedestrianA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban
0.7303 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban

Countermeasure: Raised intersections

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.05-53 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
1.13-133 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Widen sidewalks at intersections

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.12-123 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified

Category:Railroad grade crossings

Countermeasure: Implementing signs and crossbucks at previously unprotected crossings

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.75253 StarsAllNot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Install automatic gates at crossings that previously had flashing lights and sound signals

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.55[B]453 StarsAllAllNot SpecifiedNot Specified

Countermeasure: Install automatic gates at crossings that previously had passive traffic control

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.33[B]673 StarsAllAllNot SpecifiedNot Specified

Countermeasure: Install flashing lights and sound signals

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.5[B]503 StarsAllAllNot SpecifiedNot Specified

Category:Roadside

Countermeasure: Change barrier along embankment to less rigid type

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.59[I]413 StarsRun off roadKNot specifiedNot specified
0.68[B]323 StarsRun off roadA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Flatten sideslope from 1V:3H to 1V:4H

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.58423 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.71293 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Flatten sideslope from 1V:4H to 1V:6H

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.78223 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedRural
0.76243 StarsAllONot specifiedRural

Countermeasure: Increase distance to roadside features from 16.7 ft to 30 ft

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.56[B]443 StarsAllAllAllRural

Countermeasure: Increase distance to roadside features from 3.3 ft to 16.7 ft

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.78[B]223 StarsAllAllAllRural

Countermeasure: Increase triangle sight distance

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.3-303 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
1.29-293 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified
0.53483 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
0.89113 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Install any type of median barrier

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.57[B]433 StarsAllKPrincipal Arterial OtherRural
0.7[B]303 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherRural
1.24[B]-243 StarsAllAllPrincipal Arterial OtherRural

Countermeasure: Install cable median barrier

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.71[B]293 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherRural

Countermeasure: Install concrete guardrail in median

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
1.15-153 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherNot specified

Countermeasure: Install crash cushions at fixed roadside features

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.31[I]693 StarsFixed objectKNot SpecifiedNot Specified
0.31[B]693 StarsFixed objectA,B,CNot SpecifiedNot Specified
0.54[I]463 StarsFixed objectONot SpecifiedNot Specified

Countermeasure: Install steel median barrier

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.65[B]353 StarsAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherRural

Countermeasure: Install wire guardrails between lanes of opposing traffic

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
01001 StarAllKPrincipal Arterial OtherNot specified
0.74261 StarAllA,B,CPrincipal Arterial OtherNot specified
1.34-342 StarsAllAllPrincipal Arterial OtherNot specified

Countermeasure: New guardrail along embankment

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.56443 StarsRun off roadKNot specifiedNot specified
0.53473 StarsRun off roadA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
0.9373 StarsRun off roadAllNot specifiedNot specified

Category:Roadway

Countermeasure: Effects of snow fences and higher state of preparedness for the whole winter season

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.89113 StarsAllAllAllAll
0.9283 StarsAllAllAllAll

Countermeasure: Effects of use of salt (chemical de-icing) during the whole winter season (baseline = no salt)

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.85153 StarsAllA,B,CAllAll
0.9283 StarsAllOAllAll
1.12-123 StarsAllA,B,CAllAll
103 StarsAllOAllAll

Countermeasure: Raise standard by one class for winter maintenance

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.89[B]113 StarsAllA,B,CAllAll
0.73[B]273 StarsAllOAllAll

Countermeasure: Short-term effects of all measures to control snow, slush or ice

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.5503 StarsAllAllAll
0.71293 StarsAllAllAll
0.9653 StarsAllAllAll

Category:Signs

Countermeasure: Advance static curve warning signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.7303 StarsAllA,B,CNot specifiedNot specified
0.9283 StarsAllONot specifiedNot specified

Countermeasure: Install combination horizontal alignment/ advisory speed signs

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.87[B]133 StarsAllA,B,CNot SpecifiedNot Specified
0.71[I]293 StarsAllONot SpecifiedNot Specified

Countermeasure: Install signs to conform to MUTCD

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.85153 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban
0.9373 StarsAllOLocalUrban

Category:Speed management

Countermeasure: Adjacent to roads with speed humps

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.95[B*]53 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban

Countermeasure: Area-wide or corridor-specific traffic calming

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.89[B]113 StarsAllA,B,CAllUrban
0.82[B]183 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban
0.94[B*]63 StarsAllA,B,CMajor Collector,Minor CollectorUrban
0.95[I*]53 StarsAllOAllUrban
0.94[B*]63 StarsAllOLocalUrban
0.97[I*]33 StarsAllOMajor Collector,Minor CollectorUrban

Countermeasure: Install speed humps

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.6[I]403 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban
0.5503 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban

Countermeasure: Install transverse rumble strips as traffic calming device

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.66343 StarsAllAllLocalUrban and Suburban
0.64363 StarsAllA,B,CLocalUrban and Suburban
0.73283 StarsAllOLocalUrban and Suburban

Countermeasure: Traffic calming

CMF CRF(%)QualityCrash TypeCrash SeverityRoadway TypeArea Type
0.68323 StarsAllAllMinor CollectorUrban
0.67333 StarsAllA,B,CMinor CollectorUrban
0.75253 StarsAllOMinor CollectorUrban
0.67333 StarsAllA,B,CMinor CollectorUrban