Study Details
Study Title: Evaluation of Pavement Safety Performance
Authors: Merritt et al.
Publication Date:FEB, 2015
Abstract: The intent of this study was to isolate the effects of various low-cost pavement treatments on roadway safety. This was a retrospective study of pavement safety performance, looking back at crash data before and after treatments were installed. Both flexible and rigid pavement treatments were analyzed, with the majority typically used for pavement preservation or minor rehabilitation purposes. Although State highway agencies recognize that most of these treatments generally improve pavement friction, they are not typically installed explicitly for safety improvement, with one exception, high-friction surfacing, which is typically applied as a spot safety treatment.
The research was conducted as part of Phase VI of the Federal Highway Administration Evaluation of Low-Cost Safety Improvements Pooled Fund Study (ELCSI-PFS). This pooled fund study (PFS) was established to conduct research on the effectiveness of the safety improvements identified by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 500 guides as part of implementation of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Strategic Highway Safety Plan. The intent of the work conducted under the various phases of the ELCSI-PFS is to provide a crash modification factor (CMF) and benefit-cost (BC) economic analysis for each of the targeted safety strategies identified as priorities by the PFS States. Under the effort described herein, CMFs and BC ratios were developed for various low-cost pavement treatments.
Study Citation: Merritt, D., C. Lyon, and B. Persaud. "Evaluation of Pavement Safety Performance". Report No. FHWA-HRT-14-065, Federal Highway Administration, February 2015
Related Citations: Lyon, C., B. Persaud and D. Merritt. "Large Scale Safety Evaluation of Low Cost Treatments that Improve Pavement Friction". Presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Paper No. 15-5017, Washington, D.C., (2015).
Study Report: Download the Study Report Document
CMFs Associated With This Study
Category: Roadway
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (Chip Seal)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.89 | 11 | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.68 | 32 | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.83 | 17 | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.046 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.927 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.039 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.935 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.423 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.141 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.222 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.519 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.067 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.214 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.412 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.997 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.385 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.656 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.004 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.39 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.892 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.884 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.865 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.888 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.775 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.05 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.96 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.285 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.092 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.045 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.997 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.995 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.65 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.65 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.014 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.666 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.949 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.959 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.053 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.999 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.933 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.004 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.87 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.83 | | | Wet road | All | All | All |
0.918 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.709 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.271 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.201 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.862 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.655 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.027 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.682 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.832 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Not specified |
0.57 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.638 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.948 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.147 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.105 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.959 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.775 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.206 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.373 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.939 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.934 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.883 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.95 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.937 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.829 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (Diamond grinding)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.943 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.967 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.642 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.869 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.95 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.869 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.916 | 8.4 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.779 | 22.1 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.923 | 7.7 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.94 | 6 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.595 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.862 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.959 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.7 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.606 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.957 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.703 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.899 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.127 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.221 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.792 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.641 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.525 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.576 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.106 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.48 | | | Wet road | All | All | All |
0.898 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.951 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.975 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (grooving)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.776 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Rural |
0.746 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Rural |
0.674 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Rural |
0.615 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | Rural |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (HFS-High Friction Surfacing)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.653 | 34.7 | | All | All | Not specified | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (Microsurfacing)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
1.075 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.036 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.169 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.963 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.101 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | |
1.178 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.006 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.972 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.925 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.785 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.039 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.09 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.18 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.114 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.867 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.142 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.018 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.3 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.419 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.14 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.81 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.255 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.718 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.838 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.516 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.769 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.04 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.099 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.088 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.761 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.129 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.122 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.12 | | | All | K,A,B,C | All | All |
1.016 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.079 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.712 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.226 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.14 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
1.105 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.44 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.81 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.505 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.077 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.419 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
1.173 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (OGFC-Open Graded Friction Course)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
1.041 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.004 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.873 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.92 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.055 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.643 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.974 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.068 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.807 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.747 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.746 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.481 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.508 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.873 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.846 | 15.4 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.81 | 19 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.618 | 38.2 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.573 | 42.7 | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.307 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.485 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.875 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.306 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.945 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.934 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.816 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.685 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.008 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.482 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.092 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.959 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.028 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.981 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.108 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.114 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.109 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.128 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.107 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.038 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.12 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.878 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (Slurry seal)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.931 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.972 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.578 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.802 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.943 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.669 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.959 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.621 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (Thin HMA-Hot Mix Asphalt)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.797 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.021 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.986 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.973 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.91 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.039 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.988 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.021 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.42 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.043 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.019 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.666 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.903 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.054 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.551 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.967 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.908 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.405 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.914 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.99 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.871 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.188 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.191 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.051 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.955 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.209 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.68 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.93 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.956 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.566 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.853 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.946 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.222 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.203 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.167 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.262 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.018 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.223 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.993 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.193 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.258 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.146 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.273 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.175 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.013 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.93 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.881 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.042 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.972 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.104 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.772 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.103 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.957 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.75 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.278 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.074 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.999 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.102 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.906 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.471 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.674 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.401 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.01 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.149 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.194 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
1.247 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
1.18 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
1.256 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
1.181 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
1.007 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.865 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
Countermeasure: Improve pavement friction (UTBWC-Ultra thin bonded wearing course)
CMF | CRF(%) | Quality | Crash Type | Crash Severity | Roadway Type | Area Type |
---|
0.872 | | | All | All | Not specified | All |
0.956 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Not specified | All |
0.908 | | | Run off road | All | Not specified | All |
0.694 | | | Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.905 | | | Dry weather | All | Not specified | All |
0.55 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Not specified | All |
0.926 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
1.317 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.33 | | | Wet road | All | All | All |
0.962 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.634 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.985 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.996 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.945 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.075 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.964 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.802 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | All | All |
0.86 | | | All | K,A,B,C | All | All |
1.26 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
0.948 | | | Dry weather | All | All | All |
0.502 | | | Run off road | All | All | All |
1.017 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.061 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.17 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.761 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.049 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.896 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.994 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.871 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.947 | | | Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.005 | | | Dry weather | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.917 | | | Run off road,Wet road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.994 | | | All | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
0.875 | | | All | K,A,B,C | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |
1.139 | | | Run off road | All | Principal Arterial Other Freeways and Expressways | All |