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Intersection Geometry

Traffic Control

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Category: Access management (112)
- Subcategory: None (112)
  - Countermeasure: Add markings to the major approach of unsignalized 3-leg intersection to serve as a median
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.7 30
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Add Two-Way-Left-Turn-Lane (TWLTL) to the major approach of an unsignalized 3-leg intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.69 31
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Add Two-Way-Left-Turn-Lane (TWLTL) to the major approach of an unsignalized 4-leg intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.66 34
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change in signal spacing from X 1000's feet to Y 1000's feet
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Fixed object,Run off road,Single vehicle
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Angle,Fixed object,Head on,Rear end,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle
      O (property damage only) Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Sideswipe
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Rear end
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Angle,Fixed object,Head on,Rear end,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Rear end
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Angle,Fixed object,Head on,Rear end,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change in unsignalized cross roads from X to Y unsignalized cross roads per mile
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Rear end
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Sideswipe
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Sideswipe
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Angle,Fixed object,Head on,Rear end,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Fixed object,Run off road,Single vehicle
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Head on
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      Angle,Fixed object,Head on,Rear end,Run off road,Sideswipe,Single vehicle
      All Urban Mauga and Kaseko, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change number of driveways near signalized intersection from X to Y (bike crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Oh et al., 2008 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a 3-leg unsignalized intersection at a driveway to a regular 3-leg unsignalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.41 -41
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert an open median on the major approach to unsignalized 3-leg intersection to a closed median
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.02 -2
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert an open median to a mixed median on the major approach to a 3-leg unsignalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.95 5
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert an open median to a TWLTL
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.45 -45
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert an open median to an undivided median on the major approach to an unsignalized 3-leg intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.85 15
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert the open median on the major approach of an unsignalized 3-leg intersection to a directional median
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.86 14
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install median on the minor approach of an unsignalized 3-leg intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.82 18
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install wide median (>2 m) on major road of a 4-leg signalized intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.2 -20
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Presence of driveway on an intersection approach corner
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.67 33
      All
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      All
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      Rear end
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.63 37
      Rear end
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1 0
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      Nighttime
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.94 6
      Nighttime
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      Sideswipe
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      Sideswipe
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      Angle
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      Angle
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Presence of driveway on an intersection receiving corner
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      2.02 -102
      Angle
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.67 -67
      Nighttime
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.29 -29
      Nighttime
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.33 -33
      All
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.76 -76
      All
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.29 -29
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.68 -68
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.36 -36
      Rear end
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.86 -86
      Rear end
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.31 -31
      Sideswipe
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.42 -42
      Angle
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.22 -22
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.49 -49
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.71 -71
      All
      All Not specified Le et al., 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Shorten left turn lane by X percent at unsignalized median opening
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Fixed object,Rear end,Sideswipe
      All Urban Chen et al., 2014 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Signalize driveway
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      3.98 -298
      Other
      All Urban Stokes et al., 2016 [read more]
Category: Advanced technology and ITS (162)
- Subcategory: None (162)
  - Countermeasure: Implement Active Traffic Management Strategies
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.177 -17.7
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.152 -15.2
      All
      All Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.159 -15.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.127 -12.7
      Multiple vehicle
      All Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.141 -14.1
      Rear end
      All Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.109 -10.9
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Dutta et al., 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install an Adaptive Signal Control Systems (ASCS)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.527 47.3
      Other
      All Salek et al., 2021 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install automated speed camera at signalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.09 -9
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.11 -11
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      Speed related
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Vanlaar, Robertson, and Marcoux, 2011 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      Speed related
      O (property damage only) Not specified Vanlaar, Robertson, and Marcoux, 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install Box Span Signal
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.975 2.5
      Other
      All Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.897 10.3
      Other
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.876 12.4
      Angle
      All Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.097 -9.7
      Other
      All Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.888 11.2
      Other
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.841 15.9
      Angle
      All Yassin et al., 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install ramp meter
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.64 36
      All
      All Urban Liu and Wang, 2013 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install red-light cameras
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.916 8.4
      All
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.077 -7.7
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.623 37.7
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Izadpanah et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.84 16
      Angle,Left turn
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Persaud et al., 2005 [read more]
    - 0.75 25
      Angle
      All Urban Persaud et al., 2005 [read more]
    - 1.24 -24
      Rear end
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Persaud et al., 2005 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      Rear end
      All Urban Persaud et al., 2005 [read more]
    - 1.45 -45
      Rear end
      All Urban Shin and Washington, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.67 34
      Angle
      All Urban Shin and Washington, 2007 [read more]
    - 1.18 -18
      Rear end
      All Urban Various, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.74 26
      Other
      All Urban Various, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install Red-light indicator lights
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.856 14.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.939 6.1
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.756 24.4
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.905 9.5
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.6 40
      Left turn
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.868 13.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.676 32.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.856 14.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.888 11.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.934 6.59999999999999
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.895 10.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.736 26.4
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.939 6.1
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.892 10.8
      Nighttime
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.713 28.7
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.905 9.5
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.856 14.4
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.748 25.2
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.784 21.6
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.713 28.7
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.368 63.2
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.797 20.3
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.75 25
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.749 25.1
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.858 14.2
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.716 28.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.916 8.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.813 18.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.873 12.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.749 25.1
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.608 39.2
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.614 38.6
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.018 -1.8
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.969 3.1
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.978 2.2
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.882 11.8
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.913 8.7
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.911 8.9
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.899 10.1
      Other
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.917 8.3
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.989 1.1
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.944 5.6
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.036 -3.6
      Angle
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.995 0.5
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.016 -1.6
      Rear end
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.024 -2.4
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.963 3.7
      All
      All Not specified Himes et al., 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installing red light running (RLR) cameras for four-way signalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.774 -77.4
      Angle,Rear end,Sideswipe
      B (minor injury),O (property damage only) Urban Sperley Ross, 2011 [read more]
    - 1.23 -23
      Angle,Rear end,Sideswipe
      B (minor injury),O (property damage only) Urban Sperley Ross, 2011 [read more]
Category: Bicyclists (28)
- Subcategory: None (28)
  - Countermeasure: Installation of bicycle lanes at signalized intersections
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.01 -1
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.02 -2
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.42 58
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 2.03 -103
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.33 -33
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.63 37
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.37 -37
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installation of bicycle lanes at signalized intersections with exclusive right turn lanes
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.97 3
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.36 -36
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installation of bicycle lanes at signalized intersections with shared through/right turn lanes
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.6 40
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.4 -40
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installation of colored bicycle lanes at signalized intersections
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.61 39
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban and suburban Turner et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Presence of crosswalk at signalized intersection (bike crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      8.76 -775.83
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Oh et al., 2008 [read more]
Category: Highway lighting (6)
- Subcategory: None (6)
  - Countermeasure: increase intersection illuminance from low (< 0.2 fc) to medium (≥ 0.2 fc and <1.1 fc)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.519 48.1
      Other
      All Urban Wei et al., 2016 [read more]
    - 0.47 53
      Nighttime
      All Urban Wei et al., 2016 [read more]
    - 0.48 52
      Nighttime
      All Urban Wei et al., 2016 [read more]
Category: Intersection geometry (310)
- Subcategory: Turn lanes (32)
  - Countermeasure: Install left-turn lane (signal has left-turn phase)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.27 73
      Head on
      All Urban Morena et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      All
      All Rodegerdts et al., 2004 [read more]
    - 0.34 66
      Head on
      All Urban Morena et al., 2007 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install one left-turn lane on both major road directions
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.36 -36
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install one left-turn lane on the minor approach of an unsignalized 3-leg intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.75 25
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install right-turn lane on minor road of a signalized T intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.6 -60
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install right-turn lanes on major road of a signalized T intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      2.5 -150
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install uncontrolled left-turn lane on major road of a 4-leg signalized intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.23 -23
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install uncontrolled left-turn lane on major road of a signalized T intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.4 -40
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installation of left-turn lanes on both major road approaches
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.73 27
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Presence of right turning lane on arterial with signal coordination
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.06 93.6
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Wei and Tarko, 2011 [read more]
    - 0.32 68.3
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Wei and Tarko, 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Provide a left-turn lane on one major-road approach
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.61 39
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Provide a right-turn lane on one major-road approach
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.75 25
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
- Subcategory: Other (46)
  - Countermeasure: Change number of lanes on major road of a 4-leg signalized intersection from X to Y (motorcycle crashes)
    - F(x) F(x)
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change number of lanes on minor road of a 4-leg signalized intersection from X to Y (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change number of lanes on minor road of a signalized T intersection (motorcycle crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      All
      All Urban Haque et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a 3-leg unsignalized intersection at a driveway to a 3-leg unsignalized intersection at a ramp junction
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      2.29 -129
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a 4-leg unsignalized intersection at driveways to a regular 4-leg unsignalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.11 -11
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert intersection to restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.5669 43.31
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.5854 41.46
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.0667 93.33
      Head on
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.5726 42.74
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7632 23.68
      All
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7511 24.89
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.3299 67.01
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.3079 -30.79
      Single vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.8414 15.86
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.9291 7.09
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.898 10.15
      All
      All Rural Mishra and Pulugurtha, 2021 [read more]
    - 0.157 84.26
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Rural Mishra and Pulugurtha, 2021 [read more]
    - 0.689 31.13
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Mishra and Pulugurtha, 2021 [read more]
    - 0.689 31.08
      All
      All Suburban Mishra and Pulugurtha, 2021 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install bicycle lane and/or bicycle slot at intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.27 -27
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Alluri et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.71 -71
      Vehicle/bicycle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury) Urban Alluri et al., 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Permit through movements from both minor approaches to an intersection instead of from only one minor approach
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.31 69
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Presence of an elevated road above intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.58 -58
      All
      All Urban Kun Xie, Xuesong Wang, Helai Huang, Xiahong Chen, 2013 [read more]
- Subcategory: Intersection geometry reconfiguration (232)
  - Countermeasure: Conversion of intersection into multi-lane roundabout
    - 0.99 1
      All
      All Not specified Zhang and Wang, 2017 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      All Not specified Zhang and Wang, 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Conversion of signal-controlled intersection to roundabout
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.975 -97.5
      All
      All All , 2011 [read more]
    - 0.783 21.7
      All
      All All , 2011 [read more]
    - 0.3 70
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All , 2011 [read more]
    - 0.801 19.9
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All , 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Conversion of signalized intersection into single- or multi-lane roundabout
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.92 -92
      All
      All Not specified Russo et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.81 19
      All
      All Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      All
      All Urban Persaud et al., 2001 [read more]
    - 0.26 74
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Persaud et al., 2001 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.74 26
      All
      All Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.29 71
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 1.16 -16
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Russo et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.035 -3.5
      All
      All Not specified Hu et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.659 34.1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Hu et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.132 -13.2
      All
      O (property damage only) Not specified Hu et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All De Pauw et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.348 65.21
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Qin et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.955 4.54
      All
      All All Qin et al., 2013 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a conventional signalized intersection to a continuous flow intersection (CFI)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.877 12.3
      All
      All Not specified Zlatkovic, M., 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a conventional signalized intersection to a signalized superstreet
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.85 15
      All
      All Suburban Hummer & Rao, 2017 [read more]
    - 0.78 22
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Hummer & Rao, 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a conventional unsignalized intersection to an unsignalized superstreet
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.37 63
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.54 46
      All
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.25 75
      Angle,Right turn
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.41 59
      Left turn
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      All
      All Rural Inman and Haas, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      Rear end
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      Sideswipe
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.85 15
      Other
      All Rural Hummer et al., 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert a T intersection into a continuous green T intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.846 15.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Wood and Donnell, 2016 [read more]
    - 0.958 4.2
      All
      All Wood and Donnell, 2016 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      Angle,Rear end,Sideswipe
      All Wood and Donnell, 2016 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert intersection to media U-turn (MUT) intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.5984
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.38 -38
      Single vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7548 24.52
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7732 22.68
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.633 36.7
      All
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.6835 31.65
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.1719 82.81
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.5258 47.42
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.6296 37.04
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.6508 34.92
      All
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7175 28.25
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.7029 29.71
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.4447 -44.47
      Single vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.6108 38.92
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.1788 82.12
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.5158 48.42
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 2.2432 -124.32
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.9155 8.45
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.3342 66.58
      Head on
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.394 60.6
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.1316 -13.16
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.9576 -95.76
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.1269 87.31
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.2559 74.41
      Head on
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.3942 60.58
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.2167 78.33
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.9361 6.39
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.2337 -23.37
      Other
      All Urban and suburban Al-Omari et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.438 56.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Jonathan Kay, Timothy J. Gates, Peter T. Savolainen, and Md Shakir Mahmud, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.686 31.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Jonathan Kay, Timothy J. Gates, Peter T. Savolainen, and Md Shakir Mahmud, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.325 -32.5
      All
      O (property damage only) Jonathan Kay, Timothy J. Gates, Peter T. Savolainen, and Md Shakir Mahmud, 2022 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert signalized intersection to modern roundabout
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.288 71.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.792 20.8
      All
      All Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.342 65.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.809 19.1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.735 26.5
      All
      All Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.451 54.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.576 42.4
      All
      All Suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.259 74.1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.445 55.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.37 63
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.759 24.1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.338 66.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.34 66
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      All
      All Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      All Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.58 42
      All
      All Suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.37 63
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.34 66
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 1.07 -7
      All
      All Urban and suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      All
      All Urban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.26 74
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Suburban Gross et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.4 60
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Rodegerdts et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.33 67
      All
      All Suburban Rodegerdts et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.52 48
      All
      All All Rodegerdts et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.22 78
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Rodegerdts et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      All
      All Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.066 -6.6
      All
      All Urban and suburban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.4 60
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Rural Uddin, Headrick, and Sullivan, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.625 37.5
      All
      All Rural Uddin, Headrick, and Sullivan, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      A (serious injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      All
      B (minor injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      All
      All Urban Rodegerdts et al., 2007 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert signalized intersection to multi-lane roundabout
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      3.333 -233.3
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban , 2018 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban , 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert traffic signals to unconventional median U-turns
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.132 -13.2
      All
      All Urban Leila Azizi and Abdolreza Sheikholeslami, 2013 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert unsignalized intersection to roundabout
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.56 44
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      A (serious injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.54 46
      All
      B (minor injury) Not specified De Brabander and Vereeck, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All De Pauw et al., 2014 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install J-Turn intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.652 34.8
      All
      All Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.412 58.8
      Rear end
      All Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.412 58.8
      Other
      All Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0 100
      Left turn
      All Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.463 53.7
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.57 43
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      All
      B (minor injury) Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.14 86
      All
      A (serious injury) Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0 100
      All
      K (fatal) Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.2 80
      Angle
      All Rural Edara et al., 2013 [read more]
Category: Intersection traffic control (1466)
- Subcategory: Turn prohibitions/permissions (36)
  - Countermeasure: Permit right-turn-on-red
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.6 -60
      Right turn
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not Specified Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004 [read more]
    - 1.1 -10
      Right turn
      O (property damage only) Not Specified Elvik, R. and Vaa, T., 2004 [read more]
    - 2.07 -107
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.57 -57
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.82 -82
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.43 -43
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 2.08 -108
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.57 -57
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.81 -81
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.82 -82
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.73 -73
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.8 -80
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.73 -73
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.8 -80
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.81 -81
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.43 -43
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Preusser et al., 1982 [read more]
    - 1.07 -7
      All
      All Not specified Clark et al., 1983 [read more]
    - 1.69 -69
      Vehicle/bicycle,Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Various, 2010 [read more]
- Subcategory: Traffic control visibility (178)
  - Countermeasure: Add 3-inch yellow retroreflective sheeting to signal backplates
    - 0.85 15
      All
      All Urban Sayed et al., 2005 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Add additional signal and upgrade to 12-inch lenses
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.83 17
      All
      All Urban Morena et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      All
      All Urban Morena et al., 2007 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Add signal (additional primary head)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.72 28
      All
      All Urban Felipe et al., 1998 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      Angle
      All Urban Felipe et al., 1998 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      Rear end
      All Urban Felipe et al., 1998 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Felipe et al., 1998 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Felipe et al., 1998 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Implement systemic signing and visibility improvements at signalized intersections
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.917 8.3
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.654 34.6
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.829 17.1
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.732 26.8
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.911 8.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.846 15.4
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.509 49.1
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.928 7.2
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.955 4.5
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.893 10.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.974 2.6
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.883 11.7
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.969 3.1
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.949 5.1
      All
      All Urban Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.854 14.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.884 11.6
      Angle
      All Urban Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.756 24.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.822 17.8
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.908 9.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.881 11.9
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.784 21.6
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.96 4
      Rear end
      All Urban Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.974 2.6
      Nighttime
      All Urban Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.81 19
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.983 1.7
      All
      All Rural Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.895 10.5
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.044 -4.4
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.938 6.2
      Nighttime
      All Rural Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.054 -5.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Rural Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1 0
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      Rear end
      All Rural Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.955 4.5
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.878 12.2
      Angle
      All Rural Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.972 2.8
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.866 13.4
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.901 9.9
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.771 22.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.794 20.6
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.104 -10.4
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.809 19.1
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.819 18.1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.833 16.7
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.128 -12.8
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.746 25.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.895 10.5
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.914 8.6
      Angle
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.998 0.2
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.926 7.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 1.011 -1.1
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.884 11.6
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.958 4.2
      Nighttime
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.978 2.2
      All
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.988 1.2
      Rear end
      All All Le et al., 2017 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Improve signal visibility
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.71 29
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban El-Basyouny and Sayed, 2011 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban El-Basyouny and Sayed, 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Improve signal visibility, including signal lens size upgrade, installation of new back-plates, addition of reflective tapes to existing back-plates, and installation of additional signal heads
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.902 9.8
      Nighttime
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban El-Basyouny et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.901 9.9
      Day time
      O (property damage only) Urban El-Basyouny et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.867 13.3
      Nighttime
      O (property damage only) Urban El-Basyouny et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 1.004 -0.4
      Day time
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban El-Basyouny et al., 2012 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Improve visibility of signal heads
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.91 9
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Sayed et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Sayed et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.93 7
      All
      All Urban Sayed et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.94 6
      All
      All Urban Sayed et al., 2007 [read more]
    - 0.93 7
      Nighttime
      All Urban Sayed et al., 2007 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install dual red signal lenses
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.05 -5
      Angle
      All Srinivasan et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 1.18 -18
      All
      All Srinivasan et al., 2008 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install dynamic signal warning flashers
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.82 18
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.745 25.5
      Angle
      All All Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.792 20.8
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.814 18.6
      All
      All All Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.956 4.4
      Truck related
      All All Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install larger signal lenses (12 inch)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.54 46
      Angle
      All Urban Polanis, 1999 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Installation of an actuated advance warning dilemma zone protection system at high-speed signalized intersections
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.564 43.6
      Angle
      All Not specified Appiah et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.988 1.2
      Rear end
      All Not specified Appiah et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.887 11.3
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Appiah et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.995 0.5
      Truck related
      All Not specified Appiah et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.918 8.2
      All
      All Not specified Appiah et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Replace 8-inch red signal heads with 12-inch
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.58 42
      Angle
      All Srinivasan et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      All Srinivasan et al., 2008 [read more]
- Subcategory: Traffic control type (540)
  - Countermeasure: Change number of all-way stop intersections from X to Y
    - F(x) F(x)
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      K (fatal),A (serious injury) Urban Ukkusuri et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change number of signalized intersections from X to Y
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      K (fatal),A (serious injury) Urban Ukkusuri et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change traffic signal spacing from X to Y signals per mile
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Angle
      All Urban Schultz et al., 2008 [read more]
    - F(x) F(x)
      All
      All Urban Schultz et al., 2008 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Convert from yield signal control to signalized control
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.64 36
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.77 23
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.49 51
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.77 23
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.61 39
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.25 75
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.52 48
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.59 41
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.66 34
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.71 29
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.34 -34
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 2.06 -106
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0 100
      Single vehicle
      All Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.37 -37
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.9 -90
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      Head on,Rear end
      All Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.34 -34
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.65 -65
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.48 -48
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.16 84
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.25 75
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.14 86
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0 100
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.84 16
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.71 29
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.94 6
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0 100
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.59 41
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 3.21 -221
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.74 26
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.46 54
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.91 9
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0 100
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.48 52
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.14 86
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.9 10
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.89 11
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.93 7
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.96 4
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.84 16
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.75 25
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.12 -12
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.27 -27
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.85 15
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.8 20
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.84 16
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.11 -11
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.96 4
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      All
      All Not specified Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.88 12
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.9 10
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.9 10
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.75 25
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.69 31
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.81 19
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.04 -4
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.85 15
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.81 19
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.74 26
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.81 19
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.93 7
      Single vehicle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.89 11
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      Head on,Rear end
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1 0
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.01 -1
      Left turn,Right turn
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.95 5
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.46 54
      Angle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.71 29
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.77 23
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      Vehicle/bicycle
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      All
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Jensen, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install a stop sign on both minor approaches of an unsignalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.4 -40
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
    - 0.78 22
      All
      All All Haleem and Abdel-Aty, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install a traffic signal
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.33 67
      Angle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      All
      All Rural Harkey et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 0.23 77
      Angle
      All Rural Harkey et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 0.4 60
      Left turn
      All Rural Harkey et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 1.58 -58
      Rear end
      All Rural Harkey et al., 2008 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 0.77 23
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 1.38 -38
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 0.46 54
      Angle
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.716 28.4
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.639 36.1
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.427 -42.7
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.586 -58.6
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.642 35.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.601 39.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.614 38.6
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      Left turn
      All Rural Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      Angle
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      Left turn
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.61 39
      All
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.46 54
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.413 58.7
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.42 58
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.492 50.8
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.415 58.5
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.426 57.4
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.84 16
      All
      All Urban and suburban Sacchia et al., 2016 [read more]
    - 0.782 21.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Sacchia et al., 2016 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Angle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Angle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Angle
      All Rural Yue et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.898 10.2
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Sacchia et al., 2016 [read more]
    - 0.66 34
      Angle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 1.5 -50
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban McGee et al., 2003 [read more]
    - 1.58 -58
      Rear end
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.258 -25.8
      Rear end
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.734 -73.4
      Rear end
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.147 -14.7
      Rear end
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.356 64.4
      Angle,Left turn
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.575 42.5
      Angle,Left turn
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.284 71.6
      Angle,Left turn
      All Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.362 63.8
      Angle,Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Wang et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      All
      All Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.768 23.2
      All
      All Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.684 31.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      Angle
      All Rural Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.198 -19.8
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.803 19.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.95 -95
      Rear end
      All Rural Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.65 35
      All
      A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All De Pauw et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.502 49.8
      All
      All Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.402 59.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.656 34.4
      All
      All Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.604 39.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.71 29
      Rear end
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.66 34
      Left turn
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 2.26 -126
      Rear end
      All Urban Abdel-Aty et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.184 -18.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 0.791 20.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 1.119 -11.9
      All
      All Not specified Wang and Abdel-Aty, 2014 [read more]
    - 1.36 -36
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.33 -33
      Left turn
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.43 57
      Head on
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 2.16 -116
      Rear end
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      Sideswipe
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.43 -43
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.1 -10
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.63 -63
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.42 -42
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.63
      Left turn
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.42 58
      Head on
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 2.18 -118
      Rear end
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.23 -23
      Sideswipe
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.52 -52
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.14 -14
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.71 -71
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Al-Marafi et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.12 -12
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.51 49
      Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.85 15
      All
      All Rural Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      All
      K (fatal) All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 1.48 -48
      Rear end
      All All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 0.71 29
      Angle
      All All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      All
      All Urban Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      All
      O (property damage only) All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      Angle
      All All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      Angle
      All All Pernia et al., 2002 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.52 48
      Left turn
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.64 36
      Head on
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.35 -35
      Rear end
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.64 36
      Sideswipe
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.16 -16
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.94 6
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.58 42
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install a traffic signal (major road speed limit at least 40 mph)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.33 67
      Angle
      All Urban Davis and Aul, 2007 [read more]
    - 2.43 -143
      Rear end
      All Urban Davis and Aul, 2007 [read more]
    - 0.95 5
      All
      All Urban Davis and Aul, 2007 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install a traffic signal and left turn lanes
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.387 61.3
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.55 45
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.424 57.6
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.448 55.2
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.711 28.9
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.541 45.9
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.569 43.1
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.561 43.9
      All
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.465 53.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.484 51.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.48 52
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.505 49.5
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.487 51.3
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.365 63.5
      Other
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.892 10.8
      Rear end
      All All Srinivasan et al., 2014 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install additional signal head (to have one over each approach lane)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.54 46
      Angle
      All Urban McGee et al., 2002 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install left turn flashing yellow arrow signals and supplemental traffic signs
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.901 9.87
      Other
      All Urban Schattler et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.857 14.3
      Left turn
      All Urban Schattler et al., 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install stop sign on minor approach of an unsignalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.18 -18
      All
      All Not specified Haleem et al., 2010 [read more]
- Subcategory: Signal phasing or timing (572)
  - Countermeasure: Add all-red clearance interval (from 0 to 1 second)
    - 1 0
      Angle
      All Urban Polanis, 1999 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Add flashing green to signalized intersection
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.77 23
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Valencia-Alaix et al., 2019 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Adjust All-Red Clearance Interval
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.8 20
      Angle,Head on,Sideswipe
      All Not specified Fitch et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.6 40
      Angle,Head on,Sideswipe
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Fitch et al., 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from 5-section "doghouse" protected/permissive left turn to flashing yellow arrow protected/permissive left turn
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.853 14.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.838 16.2
      Left turn
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.747 25.3
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.934 6.6
      All
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from permissive only to flashing yellow arrow permissive only
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.498 50.2
      Left turn
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.349 65.1
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.892 10.8
      All
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.689 31.1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from permissive only to flashing yellow arrow protected/permissive left turn
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.598 40.2
      Left turn
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.592 40.8
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.654 34.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.935 6.5
      All
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from protected only to flashing yellow arrow protected/permissive left turn
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      4.778 -377.8
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 3.684 -268.4
      Left turn
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 1.124 -12.4
      All
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 1.206 -20.6
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from protected only to flashing yellow arrow protected/permissive left turn with time of day operation
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.901 9.9
      All
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 2.732 -173.2
      Left turn
      All Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 2.371 -137.1
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
    - 0.926 7.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Simpson and Troy, 2015 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from protected-permissive to flashing yellow arrow protected-permissive on approach
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.9778 2.22
      Left turn
      All Not specified Shea and Medina, 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change from protected/permitted to protected only left turn signal control during special time-of-day (left turn crashes)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.58 41.5
      All
      All Urban Ozmen et al., 2009 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change left-turn phase from permissive to protected/permissive or permissive/protected phasing on one or more approaches
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.84 16
      Left turn
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Various, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change left-turn phase to protected phasing on one or more approaches
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.94 6
      All
      All Urban Various, 2010 [read more]
    - 0.01 99
      Left turn
      All Urban Various, 2010 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change number of traffic signal cycles per hour on arterial with signal coordination from X to Y
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      F(x) F(x)
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Wei and Tarko, 2011 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change permissive left-turn phasing to protected only
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.36 64
      Head on,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      All
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.23 77
      Left turn
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.44 56
      Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.49 51
      Rear end
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change permissive left-turn phasing to protected only or protected/permissive
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.7 30
      Left turn
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.59 41
      Rear end
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.36 64
      Head on,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.62 38
      Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.58 42
      All
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Change permissive left-turn phasing to protected/permissive
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.862 13.8
      Left turn
      All Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.075 -7.5
      Rear end
      All Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 0.962 3.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.031 -3.1
      All
      All Urban Srinivasan, et al., 2011 [read more]
    - 1.15 -15
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.55 -55
      Left turn
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.22 78
      Head on
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.29 -29
      Rear end
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.41 -41
      Sideswipe
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.32 -32
      Rear end
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.19 -19
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.61 -61
      Left turn
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.21 79
      Head on
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.38 -38
      Sideswipe
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      Left turn
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.63 37
      Rear end
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      Angle,Head on,Left turn,Rear end,Rear to rear,Right turn,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.37 63
      Head on,Sideswipe
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      All
      All Urban Li Chen, Cynthia Chen, and Reid Ewing, 2012 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.51 49
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.7 30
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.13 87
      Sideswipe
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      Rear end
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.42 58
      Head on
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.54 46
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.26 -26
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.02 -2
      Left turn
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.11 -11
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.33 -33
      All
      Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 0.97 3
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.24 -24
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
    - 1.28 -28
      All
      All Not specified Schultz et al., 2014 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Changing left turn phasing from protected-permissive to flashing yellow arrow (FYA)
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.7 30
      Angle
      All All Appiah et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) All Appiah et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.88 12
      All
      All All Appiah et al., 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Increase length of signal phases to allow pedestrians more crossing time
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.49 51
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Urban Chen et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      All
      All Urban Chen et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 0.89 11
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Chen et al., 2013 [read more]
    - 1.05 -5
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban Chen et al., 2013 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install adaptive traffic signal control
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      1.078 -7.8
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.948 5.2
      All
      All Alluri et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.878 12.2
      Rear end
      All Alluri et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.958 4.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Alluri et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.943 5.7
      All
      O (property damage only) Alluri et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.142 -14.2
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.071 -7.1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.878 12.2
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Kodi et al., 2022 [read more]
    - 0.948 5.2
      All
      All Urban and suburban Kodi et al., 2022 [read more]
    - 0.958 4.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Kodi et al., 2022 [read more]
    - 0.943 5.7
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban and suburban Kodi et al., 2022 [read more]
    - 1.06 -6
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.127 -12.7
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.843 15.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.091 -9.1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.175 -17.5
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.097 -9.7
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.148 -14.8
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.055 -5.5
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.1 -10
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.807 19.3
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Fink et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      All
      All Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.83 17
      All
      All Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.996 0.4
      All
      All Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Ma et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.011 -1.1
      All
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.991 0.9
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.994 0.6
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.987 1.3
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.998 0.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.031 -3.1
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.993 0.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.604 39.6
      Angle
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.02 -2
      Rear end
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.986 1.4
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.207 -20.7
      Angle
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.867 13.3
      All
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.642 35.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.019 -1.9
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      All
      B (minor injury) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      All Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.96 4
      All
      All Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 1.04 -4
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.998 0.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.995 0.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      Rear end
      All Urban and suburban Tang et al., 2020 [read more]
    - 1.09 -9
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.68 32
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury) Urban Osorio, J. and R. Benekohal., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.87 13
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.64 36
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.6 40
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.86 14
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.66 34
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.77 23
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.6 40
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.78 22
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.67 33
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.5 50
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 1.04 -4
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.6 40
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.79 21
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.82 18
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.2 80
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.22 78
      Multiple vehicle
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
    - 0.977 2.3
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.012 -1.2
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.995 0.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.025 -2.5
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.979 2.1
      Angle
      All Urban and suburban Kodi et al., 2022 [read more]
    - 0.999 0.1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.036 -3.6
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.76 24
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.047 -4.7
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.98 2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 1.042 -4.2
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.961 3.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.904 9.6
      All
      All Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.776 22.4
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Gayah and Donnell, 2022 [read more]
    - 0.678 32.2
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.583 41.7
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.589 41.1
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.263 73.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.08 92
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.502 49.8
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.533 46.7
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.606 39.4
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.426 57.4
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.682 31.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.732 26.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.72 28
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.837 16.3
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.833 16.7
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.966 3.4
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.954 4.6
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.162 -16.2
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.004 -0.4
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.935 6.5
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.032 -3.2
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.197 -19.7
      All
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.844 15.6
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.2396 -23.96
      Angle
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.9398 6.02
      Rear end
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.105 -10.5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.953 4.7
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.028 -2.8
      Angle
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.022 -2.2
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.039 -3.9
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.003 -0.3
      Rear end
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.0421 -4.21
      All
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.0326 -3.26
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.0274 -2.74
      All
      O (property damage only) Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.045 -4.5
      All
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.56 44
      Rear end
      All Urban Avelar et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.171 -17.1
      Rear end
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 1.108 -10.8
      Angle
      All Not specified Jin et al., 2021 [read more]
    - 0.89 11
      Multiple vehicle
      All Urban and suburban Khattak et al., 2018 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install flashing yellow arrow
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.975 2.5
      Other
      All Urban Schattler et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1.047 -4.7
      Left turn
      All Urban Schattler et al., 2015 [read more]
    - 1 0
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Van Houten et al., 2012 [read more]
  - Countermeasure: Install pedestrian countdown timer
    - CMF CRF(%) Quality Crash Type Crash Severity Area Type Reference Comments
      0.912 8.8
      All
      All Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.929 7.1
      All
      O (property damage only) Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.92 8
      Rear end
      All Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      O (property damage only) Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - F(x)
      Rear end
      All Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - F(x)
      All
      All Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.954 4.6
      Angle
      All Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.952 4.8
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Kitali et al., 2017 [read more]
    - 0.3 70
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Van Houten et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.45 55
      Vehicle/pedestrian
      All Not specified Van Houten et al., 2012 [read more]
    - 0.48 52
      Other
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Kwigizile et al., 2016 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      All
      All Not specified Boateng et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.95 5
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Boateng et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 1 0
      All
      O (property damage only) Not specified Boateng et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 1.03 -3
      All
      All Not specified Boateng et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 0.99 1
      All
      K (fatal),A (serious injury),B (minor injury),C (possible injury) Not specified Boateng et al., 2019 [read more]
    - 1.04

CRASH MODIFICATION FACTORS CLEARINGHOUSE

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